Instruction is organized according to syllabi and curricula established by the Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War the fascist German aggressors destroyed 82,000 schools on German-occupied territory, where 15 million students had been enrolled before the war.
(11) Education and upbringing are of a humanist and high moral nature. Between 1930 and 1940 the number of students in the first four grades of day schools increased by 6 million, and the number of students in grades five through seven increased by 8.8 million. To provide teaching personnel with advanced training, a system of methodology institutions has been created, including 186 advanced training institutes and more than 4,500 methodology centers. The results of this system contributed in many ways to the victory of the Soviet people over the fascist German invaders in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45.
(4) Students have the right to choose the language of instruction—either a native language or another language of the USSR. Every higher educational institution has its own charter, which is based on the Statute on Higher Educational Institutions in the USSR and is approved by the appropriate ministry or agency, as well as its own rules governing institution routine. In 1980 teachers were being trained in 200 pedagogical institutes, 426 pedagogical schools, and 68 universities. Of particular importance was the Statute on the Single Labor School of the RSFSR (published Oct. 16,1918), which provided for the creation of a single nine-year labor school founded on genuinely democratic principles. More than 2,000 school textbooks are published annually in the languages of the USSR; the total number of copies exceeds 300 million. The law provided for the replacement of universal compulsory seven-year education by universal compulsory eight-year education; the transition was completed throughout the country in 1962. In 1632 the Kiev Bogoiavlenskoe Brotherhood school and the Kiev-Pecherskaia Laura school, which had been founded in 1631, merged to form the Kiev Mogila Collegium, which became the Kiev Mogila Academy in 1701. In the 1980–81 academic year the number of students in higher educational institutions, grouped by branch of the economy, was as follows: industry and construction, 2,088,200; transportation and communications, 300,500; agriculture, 533,800; economics and law, 377,000; public health, physical culture, and sports, 378,700; education, 1,509,000; and arts and cinematography, 48,000.
The Soviet state has established firm, specific guarantees that provide the citizens of the USSR with a practical opportunity to exercise this right.
Seven-year industrial training schools were established in cities beginning in 1926. Medical care for children is provided by public health institutions, which also are concerned with preventive medicine. Nevertheless, even during those years, the Communist Party and the Soviet government did everything in their power to continue developing and improving general-education schools.
In number of students per 10,000 population, the Soviet Union has considerably surpassed such developed capitalist countries as Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Japan. All schools were open to both genders, however, girl participation tended to decline with age.Primary and secondary education was a large area of improvement by the government in this era. The general-education school system also includes secondary schools providing production training, secondary schools offering intensive instruction in particular subjects, boarding schools, secondary general-education schools for working youth, schools for the physically and mentally handicapped, and specialized schools. Higher educational institutions are organized by the state and public organizations. Pedagogical educational institutions have been founded for the training of teachers and administrators. In the 1940–41 school year, the total enrollment of students in general-education schools of all types reached 35.6 million. An important stage in the history of education began with the reforms of Peter I. Many such institutions have departments for improving the skills of professors and instructors, as well as research subdivisions. They are established for industrial, nonindustrial, and kolkhoz workers who, for various reasons, were unable to obtain a secondary education or, in some cases, an eight-year education.
According to the statute, children from all estates were to be admitted to these schools. Rapid social, scientific, and technological progress has made new demands on the cultural and educational preparedness of young people joining the economically active population. Most higher educational institutions carry out their work under the direction of the ministries of higher and specialized secondary education of the Union republics or of other ministries or agencies dealing with a particular branch of the economy. All nationalities were granted the right to receive instruction in their native language. In 1958 the Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed the law On Reinforcing the Link Between School and Life and on the Further Development of the System of Public Education in the USSR. The ideological focus of lessons and of discussions led by class masters (The Leninist policy of the CPSU has achieved a historic victory in the development of education: the transition to universal compulsory secondary education has been essentially completed. Those of alienated social areas also saw access to education, such as those parents from the aristocracy. In the USSR, for the first time in the history of mankind, a truly democratic system of education has been achieved.
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