Ahmad and D.R. The sun is at a low angle during the winters and to the south of the east-west axis. The main goal is the reduction of direct heat gain by radiation through openings and of the internal surface temperature. Towards net zero energy goals, form and orientation have significant impact on building’s energy efficiency, by harnessing sun and prevailing winds to our advantage. Although winter conditions in hot-arid regions would permit an elongated house design, the heat in summer is so severe that a compromise is required. For maximum solar gain, a building will be located, oriented and designed to maximise window area facing north (or within 20 degrees of north) – for example, a shallow east-west floor plan. (BEE, Design Guidelines For Energy-Efficient Multi-Storey Residential Buildings, Composite and Hot and dry climates, 2014)The main objectives in terms of form and orientation in hot and dry climate are:Shading of the east and west elevations is difficult because of the low sun, and may require special devices; whereas the south and north sides can easily be protected by an overhanging roof. Benefits of mutual shading in reducing the solar exposure are possible if the buildings are closely placed to the east and west of the reference building. Mutual shading of built forms and compact forms i.e. Orientation also plays an important role with regard to wind direction. (ii) Glazing type Single pane reflective coated glass is recommended. The southern front can easily be designed for proper utilization of the winter sun and for protection against the summer sun. By plotting the directions of maximum radiant gain for both hot and cool months, it is possible to determine the optimum orientation for any given situation. Orientation also plays an important role with regard to wind direction.The building form determines the volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled. Form and orientation have significant impact on a building’s energy efficiency, by harnessing the sun and prevailing winds to our advantage. Optimal sun-orientation reduces radiation to a minimum in the hot periods, while allowing adequate radiation during the cool months. (Climate Responsive Building: Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions, 1993) In case of multiple buildings on a site, they must be arranged to avoid built forms falling in the wind shadows created by other buildings on the site. To achieve a proper sun penetration for natural lighting, solar heat gain and hygiene, the depth of the interior should not be excessive. Row houses or adjoining buildings have the advantage of reduced heat loss. The building sustainability is closely related to building efficiency. Row houses elongated along the east-west axis provide the best shading of the critical east and west walls.These critical east and west walls are best protected if the house is covered with a hipped roof (a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope). These walls should thus normally be kept as small as possible and contain as few and small openings as possible. (Climate Responsive Building: Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions, 1993)The preference of typologies for multi-storey residential buildings in terms of reduced solar radiation exposure is (BEE, Design Guidelines For Energy-Efficient Multi-Storey Residential Buildings, 2014) :Forms with large surface areas are preferred to compact buildings. The physical shape of how the building will appear to us forms the shape of the structure. It affects the amount of sun falling on surfaces, daylighting and direction of winds. In hot & dry climates, the envelope should be designed so that it remains shaded for the greater part of the day; the external walls should be so planned that they shade each other. Buildings must be responsive to solar orientation on the site. East and west orientation should be protected by buffer spaces, shaded walls, etc. The building form determines the air flow pattern around the building directly affecting its ventilation. Buildings must be responsive to solar orientation on the site. Building Orientation. Often the above two parameters (sun orientation and predominant wind direction) are contradictory. Higher buildings receive too much radiant heat and give wind obstruction to neighbouring buildings. A square plan with a courtyard would be very effective. The houses of Marpha, a village in the mountains of northern Nepal with a dry, cold and extremely windy climate, represent a good example.
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